summary of styles and strategies

Styles
Visual: like to read and obtain a great deal from visual stimulation. Without any visual backup such as lectures, conversations, and oral instructions, they will be confused.

Auditory: enjoy and profit from unembellished lectures, conversations, and oral instructions. They are excited by classroom interactions in role plays and similar activities. They have difficulty with written work.

Kinesthetic and tactile: like lots of movement and enjoy working with tangible objects, collages, and flashcards. It is hard for them to sit at a desk for a long time.

Strategies
Cognitive strategies: enable the learner to manipulate the language material in direct ways, for example, through reasoning, analysis, note-taking, summarizing, synthesizing, outlining, reorganizing information to develop stronger schemas.

Metacognitive strategies: for example, identifying one’s own leaning preferences and needs, planning for an L2 task, gathering and organizing materials, arranging a study space and a schedule, monitoring mistakes, evaluating task success, and evaluating the success of any type of learning.

Memory-related strategies: these strategies help learners link one L2 item or concept with another, but do not necessarily involve deep understanding. For example, there are rhyming, the keyword method, and Total physical response.

Compensatory strategies: for example, guessing from context in listening and reading, using synonyms and ‘talking around’ the missing word to aid speaking and writing. These strategies help the learner make up fro missing knowledge.

Affective strategies: for example, identifying one’s mood and anxiety level, talking about feelings, rewarding oneself for good performance, and using deep breathing or positive self-talk.

Social strategies: For example, asking questions to get verification, asking for clarification of a confusing point, asking for help in doing a language task, talking with a native-speaking conversation partner, and exploring cultural and social norms.
These help the learner work with others and understand the target culture as well as the language.